Two main contributors to chronic DM-complications are oxidative stress and subsequent activation of reactive oxygen species. The reduced bioavailability of vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) and increased NO degradation by ROS ( 11, 12) result in endothelial dysfunction - main initiating event leading to various chronic complications such as retinopathy, angiopathy, nephropathy, poly-neuropathy, cardiomyopathy, etc. The increased oxidative and nitrosative stress, as a result of hyperglycemic episodes, is known to complicate even well controlled cases of diabetes, thereby resulting in micro- and macrovascular outcomes ( 10). ![]() Globally, DM is the fourth leading cause of death ( 9) and it is estimated that every 10 seconds a person dies from diabetes mellitus related complications ( 9). Further, there is an increased association between DM type 2 prevalence and various endogenous and exogenous factors such as socioeconomic status, age, gender, life style, physical activity, diet, urbanisation, education, occupation, smoking, environmental aspects etc. It is important to note that the worldwide impact of undiagnosed DM ranges between 30% and 50%. Over the next 30 years the number of people with diabetes is expected to double ( 3). In the year of 2000 as well as today, India, China and USA are the three leading countries with the highest prevalence of DM. World Health Organisation (WHO) reports predict that the dramatic rise in DM over the next 25 years would be mainly due to type 2 diabetes ( 1), which is the most prevalent form of diabetes accounting for 90 % of the cases worldwide ( 2). Currently, diabetes affects around 300 million people worldwide. A combination of insulin resistance together with relative defect in insulin secretion, is the leading cause of DM type 2 appearance. ![]() It is characterised by hyperglycaemia with disturbances in the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and lipid metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. ![]() Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic medical condition involving a group of metabolic disorders of multiple aetiology.
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